Archaeologists working for Vattenfall, the Swedish energy group developing Norfolk’s largest offshore wind farms, have recovered unique evidence in the North Sea which is hoped will tell a more detailed story of ‘Doggerland’, the submerged landscape which was flooded more than 8,000 years ago.
A unique find
The unique set of cores were extracted by Wessex Archaeology experts from the seabed as part of the developer’s surveys of seabed conditions for its Norfolk Boreas offshore wind farm. They are the most complete and extensive set of cores ever extracted from the southern North Sea.
The results are expected to answer questions about the environments in which our ancestors would have lived. It will also shed light on how quickly they would have needed to adapt to the changing coastline, as rising sea levels flooded the North Sea through the English Channel and cut off the British Isles from the European mainland.
“We have been extremely fortunate to recover what we believe is a unique sequence of sediments which offer an environmental record over a period of nearly 3,500 years,” said Wessex Archaeology’s Principal Marine Geoarchaeologist, Dr Claire Mellett.
“Previously studied peats from this area are from isolated deposits or only capture a short time period. Those recorded here however provide a near-continuous record of prehistoric change before and during the flooding of what we now call the English Channel and southern North Sea. The data shows that they are also by far the most extensive deposits mapped in Doggerland, covering an area of around 85 square kilometres.”
Answering big questions
Full analysis of the samples is now underway, and the team are hoping that the results, expected in spring 2019, will answer some of the big questions about Doggerland.
Dr Mellett said: “There are so many insights that the collected material can give us. We will be able to reveal how the landscape may have looked, how it changed as the climate warmed and sea-levels rose after the last ice age, and – crucially – how this changed the relationship between prehistoric communities and their environment.”
Historic England, the public body which advises on coastal and marine development projects, is advising Vattenfall as the research continues.
Dr Christopher Pater, Head of Marine Planning at Historic England, said: “We are pleased to be working with Vattenfall, who are helping, through this project to throw new light on the extraordinary archaeological history of the North Sea. This work has huge potential to show us the changes in climate that have occurred since prehistoric times, and tell us more about the ancient landscape on which our ancestors once roamed. We look forward to seeing the results of further investigation and analysis as survey exploration continues, so that we can learn more about how and when land became sea.”
Graham Davey, Vattenfall’s Project Manager for Norfolk Boreas offshore wind farm, said: “It is common that wind farm development - on and offshore - uncovers Britain’s hidden history but important finds like these are exceptionally rare. When it does it happen, it’s important to let science take its course and allow a full analysis of the evidence. Most fascinating is trying to understand what the data can tell us about how warming over 10,000 years ago affected the landscape and the seascape in the North Sea, and what impacts we might expect from global warming now.”
Doggerland in context
During the last ice age, about 18,000 years ago, the majority of Britain was covered by ice but, as the climate warmed, Doggerland offered an increasingly attractive environment for human settlement. Temperate grassland replaced the frozen tundra and big game animals such as mammoth, aurochs and red deer attracted hunters to the region.
As global climate continued to warm, sea levels rose and Doggerland became a land of rivers and inlets, archipelagos, lagoons, wetlands and marshes. As woodlands and other flora flourished so did the range of mammals; fish and birds supported Mesolithic communities and populated some of the richest hunting and fishing grounds in Europe.